Process and Case Studies on Development/Renovation
of Port and Waterfront
Yutaka Miyaji
In
this report, the background of waterfront development and renovation
of ports which have various functions--distribution, industry, and
living--, concept of redevelopment, and related measures were explained
based on nationwide and international case studies. The future direction
of waterfront was also outlined.
A port has various functions as a base of interaction of people, products,
money and information. These functions had been mixed in old ports.
However, in the process of economic development, these ports have been
seeking to efficiency; development of containerization and expansion
of large industrial facilities over the waterfront areas, lead to the
spatial separation between life of the citizens and ports.
The existing piers in Port of New York and Port of San Francisco, located
adjacent to city areas were inadequate to function as container terminal,
because they could not satisfy the requirement such as sufficiently
great depth, length and yard. As a result, container berths were constructed
in Auckland and New Jersey. In Japan, inner harbors of Port of Kobe,
Yokohama Port, and Port of Osaka had eroded and needed functional conversion
(Fig.1: Port of San Francisco and Auckland; Fig.2: Port of Osaka).
On the other hand, the location of inner harbor (along waterfront and
adjacent to urban area), which once was an old city core of port town
(Minato-machi), had a great deal of potential. The redevelopment of
waterfront has been promoted to meet needs of public life and local
activation.
The shift of industrial structure occurred in the industrial space
expanded over coastal areas, required major spatial change. In the
redevelopment plan for the Eastern Docklands quarter of Amsterdam,
the areas excluding cruise terminal were planned to be developed as
living space. The plan emphasized waterfront; a canal was cut, shape
of quay side was kept, and the reclamation was avoided (Fig.3: Eastern
Dockland, Amsterdam).
Regarding to the port administration of Japan, the long-range port
development plan had been established as "Ports and Harbors toward
the 21st Century" in May 1985, aiming to create "comprehensive
port and harbor spaces" and various concrete measures had been
conducted (Fig.4&5: Initiatives of port administration).
As future directions of waterfront development and renovation in Japan,
adding to the current development focusing on commerce and attracting
guests, the following propositions were made: (1) Waterfront development
and renovation corresponding to foreign tourists (2) Living spaces
utilizing the characteristics of waterfront (3) Aesthetic and eco-friendly
waterfront renovation.
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[Fig.1:
Port of San Francisco and Auckland] |
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[Fig.2: Port
of Osaka] |
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[Fig.3:
Eastern Dockland, Amsterdam] |
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[Fig.4:
Initiatives of port administration] |
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[Fig.5: Initiatives
of port administration]
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Urban Waterfront around the World-- Initiatives
in Rivers and Waterfront for Urban Renovation Coexisting with Nature
in Japan"
Katsuhide Yoshikawa
When
considering future urban renovation utilizing waterfront, we will
notice that urban planning has not essentially worked and that rivers
have been excluded from urban planning in Japan. I showed one of
the plans for what to do through case studies, from the viewpoint
of the relation between river, waterfront and urban space.
In the first place, if we take a look at waterfronts of foreign cities,
in Cologne of Germany, expressway along the Rhein River was demolished
and highway tunnel was built, and the park was developed on the vacant
lot. In Dusseldorf, the main line was also laid underground; the old
streets have been restored along the Rhein River. In Boston, the expressway
was also laid underground; and in Seoul, the demolition of Cheongye
Expressway for renovation of waterfront has been realized. These urban
renovation projects of rivers and lakesides based on the reconsideration
of relationship between rivers and roads, impressed us greatly with
the charm of waterfront landscape regenerated in a city.
When we consider urban renovation through these examples, three scales
of spaces can be identified: architecture, landscape, and river/basin.
We should take such scale-conscious approach to urban renovation. Although
each scale has been separately debated under the present situation,
they should be work in combination to develop collaboration and to
set the outcomes into action.
As an example of architectural scale, I introduced public open space
along the Shibuya River, where trees were planted. This shows that
the plan was against the river. I hope that design for the site would
utilize rivers, such as open space including a river.
The transition of rivers (emerged/developed or lost) in areas around
Tokyo since the fourteenth year of Meiji Period, shows that quite many
rivers and canals have been lost because of coverage, reclamation and
diversion to sewage line, and that we have severely damaged waterfront.
The renovation of the Sumida River and the Murasaki River are noteworthy
examples of practical achievement in Japan. In these days, discussions
concerning rivers and waterfront renovation have been centered on the
Kanda River, Shibuya River, Dotonbori River and Hori River (Horikawa,
in Kyoto), in the project for revitalization of urban areas conducted
within the governmental Urban Renaissance Headquarter.
We should make concepts for the next step of urban renovation utilizing
waterfront with water, river, waterway and green at the cores, aiming
to realize a city coexisting with nature. For that purpose, concrete
scenarios should be designed and proposed e.g., scenario for spatial
land use from the viewpoints of three spatial scales, the one focusing
on water and material circulation and the one focusing on eco-system.
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[Rhein
river in Koeln] |
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[Rhein river
in Dusseldorf] |
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[Public space
in riverside, blocking the view] |
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[Lost
river streams and waterways] |
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[New streams
and waterways] |
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[River basins coexisting
with nature; urban renaissance initiatives]
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